The Parliament that was then called to finance the clear up and sustain royal finances generally, now demanded reforms of its own. Richard II, Canterbury Cathedral  © Richard II inherited the throne of a great military power with titles to England, France, Ireland and Wales. The Peasants’ Revolt, the first major ‘headline’ result of the series of plagues that swept across Europe, was a judgement on those who were governing the country in Richard’s name. But it is the rapid fall of Richard II, from his position as Richard a secure, wealthy and respected monarch that sheds the most light on the reality of medieval power. Richard has been a popular name throughout history, with many notable figures bearing the name.

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• For example, he did not go anywhere without his 311 man bodyguard of royal archers, and favour at court once again concentrated on a handful of loyalists that owed everything to the king.

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• Branson had expressed his concerns about the tender process and questioned the validity of the business plan submitted by FirstGroup.
• A portrayal of Richard II stopping the joust between Hereford and Norfolk  © The picture gets very complicated at this stage as the chronicles only contain Hereford’s side of the story.

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• Just as the Black Death shook the foundations of society from below, so the fall of Richard II and subsequent Wars of the Roses would redefine it from above.

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• Richard was imprisoned and died, probably murdered, in Pontefract Castle in 1400.

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• In the United States, Richard is a common name and has been consistently popular for decades.

Word of the day

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• Due to the line performing below VTEC’s expectations, it was announced in May 2018 that the contract would be terminated early by the government.

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• His uncle, Thomas of Woodstock, was murdered and Richard, earl of Arundel, executed on Tower Hill.

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• The marriage treaty had secured peace with France, while the one power in the land who had posed a real threat to Richard’s position was dead.

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• The ultimate humiliation came with the execution of four of Richard’s favourite knights, including the beloved Burley.

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• Parliament selected a regency council that excluded the king’s uncle and leading lord, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster.
• Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby was the son of Gaunt; the same age as Richard II, the two would become bitter foes.

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Facing humiliation on all sides Richard left London for one of his ‘gyrations’ around the kingdom. During this period he sought advice from leading judges that publicly defined the royal prerogative. A portrayal of John of Gaunt  © Although only 14 in 1381, Richard II was a tall, handsome and rich king from a good family line. Parliament selected a regency council that excluded the king’s uncle and leading lord, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. At present it is still popular as a baby name for boys, though not to the extent it was before.

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• Branson made several world record-breaking attempts after 1985, when in the spirit of the Blue Riband he attempted the fastest Atlantic Ocean crossing by ship.

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• Richard constructed the first royal bathhouse, may well have invented the pocket handkerchief and used a spoon for the first time.

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• Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, had the title but no wealth and gained many profitable offices as his influence over the king increased.

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• The transport secretary, Patrick McLoughlin, announced there were “significant technical flaws” in the process and mistakes had been made by transport staff.

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• Educated in a European style for the first four years of his life, Richard would bring a new sense of class and civility to the English throne.

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• The naïve king, surrounded by sycophants, fell into the age old mistake of only rewarding favourites.

PEACE AT LAST?

They stated that only the king could choose ministers, that he called and dissolved parliament at his will and that he determined its business. They therefore faced the choice of whether to submit (and face possible death) or to defend themselves. The King’s most powerful opponents, the so-called Appellant Lords, now moved against him but claimed to be acting in the interests of the crown and good government.

More Middle Ages

Motivated in part by fear for their own inheritances and general antipathy to Richard’s rule, the west and east of England quickly fell to Bolingbroke. Finally back in Britain, Richard II surrendered in Conway Castle after talks with the Earl of Northumberland, who promised that the king’s position would be respected. This was a fatal mistake that underlines the king’s limited understanding of what even the ‘most glorious’ monarch can get away with.

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His uncle, Thomas of Woodstock, was murdered and Richard, earl of Arundel, executed on Tower Hill. In February 1399, John of Gaunt died and Richard seized the great estates of the duchy of Lancaster. In July Bolingbroke landed at Ravenspur in Yorkshire and captured and deposed the king.